quality Portable Wifi Routers & Wireless Wifi Routers manufacturer

1.UE and UICC In the mobile communication system defined by 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), the user's terminal (UE) device is composed of: ME (mobile equipment) + UICC (Universal Integrated Circuit Card); where UICC is a Physical cards that are tamper-proof and resistant to software and hardware attacks. 2. UICC and USIM UICC can contain multiple applications, one of which is USIM; USIM securely stores and processes all sensitive data related to the user and home network. USIM is under the control of the home network operator; the operator selects the data to be configured in the USIM before issuance and remotely manages the USIM in the user's device through the OTA (over-the-air) mechanism. 3.USIM in 5G 3GPP defines USIM for the 5G system in Rel-15 for access and use in 3GPP and non-3GPP networks, allowing UE (user equipment) external data networks. USIM is defined in Rel-16 as network slice specific authentication. 4.First-time authentication is a mandatory procedure to allow UE (user equipment) to access 3GPP or non-3GPP networks. EAP-AKA' or 5G-AKA are the only authentication methods that allow primary authentication and the subscription credentials are always stored in the USIM when the terminal supports 3GPP access functionality. For primary authentication based on AKA, the mutual authentication performed in the USIM and the generation of the key material (integrity key IK and confidentiality key CK) sent by the USIM to the ME remain unchanged compared to 3G, 4G and Meets 3GPP TS 33.102 specification [3]. Changes in 5G Primary Authentication USIM include storing new security context and additional keying material in USIM (depending on the USIM's configuration). 4.1 5G support If the USIM supports storing 5G parameters, the ME will store the new 5G security context and the new keys defined for the 5G key hierarchy (i.e. KAUSF, KSEAF and KAMF) in the USIM. USIM can store a 5G security context for 3GPP access networks and a 5G security context for non-3GPP access networks. Storing the security context and key material in the USIM ensures faster reconnection when roaming (UICC moves from one ME to another). 4.2 NPN support Authentication in private networks (called independent non-public networks) can rely on the EAP framework supported by the 5G system; user equipment and service networks can support 5G AKA, EAP-AKA' or any other key generation EAP authentication method, where: ·When using AKA-based authentication methods, clause 6.1 of 3PPTS 33501[1] applies. ·When selecting an EAP authentication method other than EAP-AKA', the selected method determines the credentials required in the UE and network. How these credentials for EAP methods other than EAPAKA' are stored and processed within the UE is beyond the scope. But to ensure a high level of security for access to private networks, private network operators may decide to require the presence and use of a UICC containing USIM applications in order to securely store and process subscription credentials for EAP methods such as EAP-AKA' or EAP-TLS . 5. Secondary authentication This is an optional authentication based on EAP, conducted between UE (user equipment) and DN (external data network). Although the choice of EAP authentication method and credentials is beyond the scope of 3GPP, external data networks may decide to protect access to their DN by performing strong authentication thanks to the EAP-AKA' or EAP-TLS authentication method, UICC in the user device The presence of USIM on the DN securely stores and processes the credentials used to access the DN. Network Slice Specific Authentication Using network slice specific authentication between the user device and the AAA (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting) server to access the network slice is optional. Network slice specific authentication is based on the EAP framework and its user ID and credentials are different from the 3GPP subscription credentials. It follows the mandatory primary certification. Stakeholders deploying slices may decide to install USIM on the UICC of user devices to ensure a high level of security to access their slices and prevent the emergence of unauthorized users.

01.eSIM   eSIM, known as Embedded-SIM, or Embedded SIM, is a programmable, electronic SIM card technology whose main feature is that it does not require a physical slot, but rather an embedded chip that is integrated directly into the device's circuit board or inside other devices. Hardware part_     Integrated Circuit (IC) Chip: At the heart of the eSIM is a small IC chip that is built into the device's motherboard, similar to a physical SIM card. It contains the necessary hardware (CPU, ROM, RAM, EEPROM and serial communication unit) for storing and processing SIM data.   Software part_     Operating System (OS): The eSIM chip runs a dedicated operating system, often referred to as eUICC (Embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card), which manages the SIM's functions, including data storage, secure processing and communication.     eSIM Production Process   ① Chip Manufacturing ② Chip testing ③ Integration into devices ④ Embedded software loading ⑤ Functional testing and verification   Virtual SIM (vSIM) is a SIM card technology without a physical form factor that allows devices to realize communication functions through software, including SoftSIM, CloudSIM, and others.   02.Virtual SIM (vSIM)   Virtual SIM (vSIM) is a SIM card technology without a physical form factor that allows devices to realize communication functions through software, including SoftSIM, CloudSIM, and others.   SoftSIM controls the information written to SoftSIM through the terminal provider, and the user purchases and uses communication services directly through the software without the intervention of the operator, which cuts off the direct connection between the user and the operator.   CloudSIM is a kind of SIM card function realized based on cloud computing technology, where users use network services on their devices through cloud services.   03.SIM service activation process   CloudSIM integrates the traffic resources of each operator into the cloud, selects operators according to the signal and network quality of different regions, and pushes them to the terminals to provide users with the best network services. The inclusion of multiple operators facilitates users to flexibly choose more favorable packages.       Do you want to learn more about SIM cards and other communication topics? We will continue to share more about this! See you in the next issue!