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Shenzhen Olax Technology CO.,Ltd
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Your Professional & Reliable Partner.
Shenzhen OLAX Technology Co.,Ltd , which Located in Shenzhen, China. OLAX Technology established in 2010, It is a leading domestic supplier of wireless communication terminal technology solutions and equipment.Our main products are 4g C P E WIFI routers, USB WIFI dongles, modems. Pocket WIFI hotspot.G S M and C D M A fixed wireless telephones, terminals, Moreover, we support card lock, network lockand SIM card security.We have a core team with more than ten years of experience in R & D, sales ...
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Million+
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Million+
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SIM Technology Innovation: An In-Depth Look at eSIM and vSIM
01.eSIM   eSIM, known as Embedded-SIM, or Embedded SIM, is a programmable, electronic SIM card technology whose main feature is that it does not require a physical slot, but rather an embedded chip that is integrated directly into the device's circuit board or inside other devices. Hardware part_     Integrated Circuit (IC) Chip: At the heart of the eSIM is a small IC chip that is built into the device's motherboard, similar to a physical SIM card. It contains the necessary hardware (CPU, ROM, RAM, EEPROM and serial communication unit) for storing and processing SIM data.   Software part_     Operating System (OS): The eSIM chip runs a dedicated operating system, often referred to as eUICC (Embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card), which manages the SIM's functions, including data storage, secure processing and communication.     eSIM Production Process   ① Chip Manufacturing ② Chip testing ③ Integration into devices ④ Embedded software loading ⑤ Functional testing and verification   Virtual SIM (vSIM) is a SIM card technology without a physical form factor that allows devices to realize communication functions through software, including SoftSIM, CloudSIM, and others.   02.Virtual SIM (vSIM)   Virtual SIM (vSIM) is a SIM card technology without a physical form factor that allows devices to realize communication functions through software, including SoftSIM, CloudSIM, and others.   SoftSIM controls the information written to SoftSIM through the terminal provider, and the user purchases and uses communication services directly through the software without the intervention of the operator, which cuts off the direct connection between the user and the operator.   CloudSIM is a kind of SIM card function realized based on cloud computing technology, where users use network services on their devices through cloud services.   03.SIM service activation process   CloudSIM integrates the traffic resources of each operator into the cloud, selects operators according to the signal and network quality of different regions, and pushes them to the terminals to provide users with the best network services. The inclusion of multiple operators facilitates users to flexibly choose more favorable packages.       Do you want to learn more about SIM cards and other communication topics? We will continue to share more about this! See you in the next issue!
Low-altitude economy theme: satellite communications
As we all know. Our daily life has been closely connected to the Internet All kinds of network devices are connected to each other Together, they build a convenient and efficient network for our lives. So much so that we seldom wonder Are communication networks really everywhere?   Oceans, deserts, jungles, ice fields, etc., are places not covered by mobile communication networks. On the one hand, there are engineering and technical difficulties in the construction and maintenance of base stations, and on the other hand, the construction capital is expensive and the utilization rate and return are too low.   How should the communication needs of these forgotten fringe areas be met? How to build a communication network with global coverage that is not limited by the terrestrial environment? Is there such a program? Perhaps “satellite communications” will give us an answer.   01.Meaning of satellite communications   Satellite communications are communications between radio communication stations on Earth (both on the ground and in the lower atmosphere) using satellites as relays. Compared with traditional cellular network communications, the wireless signals of satellite communications are relayed by satellites, and a single node can cover a larger service area. After completing the laying of the satellite network, communication satellites can complete the process of signal forwarding within the orbit, relaying the information between cellular phones and satellite base stations in a relay manner.   For reasons of time delay, interference and cost, modern civil satellite communications are mainly based on low-orbit satellites.   Compared with communication satellites in other orbits, low-orbit communication satellites have short transmission delays and small path losses, and constellations composed of multiple satellites can realize truly global coverage and more effective frequency reuse; together with point-beam, multiple-access and other technologies, they also provide technical guarantees for mobile communications by low-orbit satellites. Therefore, low-orbit communication satellites are considered to be one of the satellite mobile communication technologies with the most promising applications.   02.Principles of satellite communications   The satellite communication system consists of three parts: the satellite side, the ground side and the user side.   1.Satellite terminal   In the air to play the role of relay station, that is, the ground station sends up the electromagnetic wave amplification and then sent back to another ground station.   2.Ground terminal   It is the interface between the satellite system and the terrestrial public network, and terrestrial users can also form links to and from the satellite system through ground stations.   3.User terminal   That is, they are various user terminals such as computers, cell phones, modems, etc. They communicate with satellite communication systems through ground stations to exchange information at different locations on Earth.   Together, the above three components form a satellite communication system that realizes the purpose of communication via satellite between multiple earth stations.   As users, how do we access the satellite network, other than using a cell phone that can connect to the satellite?   Nowadays, it is mostly through the introduction of a terrestrial receiving device, like the old TV “pot”, to receive communications from the satellite band. After the signals from the satellite are received by the “pot”, they are converted into WiFi signals through a wireless router, and the cell phone can access the Internet through the WiFi signals!   03.Applications and development trends of satellite communications   Satellite communication has the advantages of wide coverage, long transmission distance and strong anti-interference ability, and is widely used in various fields:   Broadcasting and television: Satellite communication is the main means of realizing the dissemination of global broadcasting and television programs, such as CCTV's Spring Festival Gala and the live broadcast of the Olympic Games.   Mobile communications: Satellite communications enable mobile communications on a global scale, such as maritime communications and aeronautical communications.   Military communications: Satellite communications play an important role in the military field and can realize functions such as remote command and battlefield intelligence collection. Internet access: Satellite communications can provide Internet access to remote areas and narrow the digital divide. Disaster rescue: In emergencies such as natural disasters, satellite communications can quickly restore communication facilities and provide strong support for rescue work.     In April 2020, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) for the first time included satellite Internet as a network infrastructure in the scope of “new infrastructure”. 2021, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) pointed out in the “14th Five-Year Plan” for the development of the information and communications industry that there are shortcomings and weaknesses in China's information and communications industry, such as the imperfect global layout of international submarine cables and satellite communications networks. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology pointed out in the “14th Five-Year Plan” that there are shortcomings and weaknesses in China's information and communications industry, such as the imperfect globalization layout of international submarine cables and satellite communications networks. According to the plan, by 2025, China's satellite communication network will provide global information network services for all kinds of users on land, at sea, in the air and in the sky.   It is expected that by 2030, broadband satellite communication will form a comprehensive link of high speed and high user density with the sea, land and air, and extend to the Earth-Moon space to support the business link of the whole scenario, realize the real-time response and processing of space information, and form a satellite communication information highway. By then, human cyberspace will leap to a new dimension!      
This is how the GTP agreement is used in 5G!
GTP is a data tunneling mechanism, which is used in 5G(NR) networks for the transmission of user data and signaling information between the user function (UPF) and the data network (DN).GTP (GPRS Tunneling Protocol) is used in 5G(NR) architectures as a communication protocol between different network elements for tunnel establishment in order to transmit data efficiently.The specific applications of the GTP tunneling protocol in 5G are presented as follows; i. User-plane communication:GTP tunnels are mainly associated with the user-plane, which handles the transmission of user data between UPF and data network (DN), whereas the tunneling of user data between the UPF and the data network is mainly associated with the user-plane, which handles the transmission of user data between UPF and the DN. GTP tunneling protocol specific applications are presented in the following aspects;   User-plane communication:GTP tunneling is mainly associated with the user-plane, which handles user data transmission between the UPF and the data network (DN), while the user-plane is responsible for forwarding user packets while ensuring efficient and reliable communication. Tunnel Establishment:GTP tunnels are established to encapsulate user packets and create a secure and efficient communication path between the UPF and the data network. GTP tunnels provide a logical connection for the seamless transfer of data. Application Versions:There are different versions of GTP in 5G(NR), including GTPv1-U (for the user-plane GTP V1) and GTPv1-C (for the control-plane version).GTPv1-U is usually associated with GTP tunnels in the user-plane. User-Plane Functions:The UPF is the key component in the 5G network architecture responsible for handling user-plane traffic.GTP tunnels connect the UPF to the data network and enable the UPF to forward user packets efficiently. Encapsulation and Decapsulation:At the source, GTP encapsulates user packets and adds headers to facilitate transmission through the GTP tunnel. At the destination, GTP decapsulates the packet and removes the added header to retrieve the original user data. Data Network:DN is the external network to which UPF is connected, which can include various external networks such as the Internet, public or private cloud services, and other communication networks. QoS and Billing:GTP tunnels can carry Quality of Service (QoS) information and billing-related details.QoS information ensures that user data is transmitted according to specified quality parameters, while billing information is critical for billing and accounting purposes. Context Bearer: GTP tunnels are associated with bearer contexts, which represent the logical connection between the user equipment (UE) and the UPF. Each bearer context corresponds to a specific GTP tunnel, allowing the network to manage multiple user data streams simultaneously. Efficient Data Transmission:GTP tunnels improve data transmission efficiency by providing a secure and dedicated path for user data. This is critical to providing the high data rates, low latency and reliable communications required for 5G networks. 3GPP standardization:GTP and its related functions (including GTP tunnels) are standardized by the 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project), which ensures consistency, interoperability, and compatibility between different 5G networks and providers.   GTP tunneling in 5G is the fundamental mechanism for establishing a secure and efficient communication path between user-plane functions and external data networks. By encapsulating and de-encapsulating user packets, it enables seamless data transmission while supporting key functions such as QoS and billing information. And its standardized nature ensures the reliability and interoperability of global 5G networks.  

2024

09/06

5G(NR) carrier aggregation bandwidth class definition
1、Carrier aggregation (CA) is used to increase the bandwidth of a terminal (UE) for wireless communications by combining multiple carriers, where each aggregated carrier is called a component carrier (CC). carrier aggregation (CA) for 5G (NR) systems supports up to 16 contiguous and non-contiguous component carriers with different subcarrier intervals; carrier aggregation configurations include the type of carrier aggregation (in-band, contiguous or non-contiguous, or inter-band) The carrier aggregation configuration includes the type of carrier aggregation (in-band or non-contiguous or inter-band), the number of frequency bands and the bandwidth category.   2、The aggregation bandwidth category is identified in 5G(NR) with a series of alphabetical identifiers that define the minimum and maximum bandwidth and the number of component carriers. Among them: The 5G carrier aggregation CA supports up to 16 contiguous and non-contiguous component carriers with different SCSs; CA classes from A~O in FR1 (Release17); The maximum total bandwidth allowed by the CA in FR1 band is 400MHz; CA class from A~Q in FR2 (Release17) The maximum total bandwidth allowed for FR2 band CA is 800MHz; 3、FR1 carrier aggregation bandwidth Class A:Corresponds to Wireless Channel Carrier Aggregation 5G(NR) Configuration. The maximum BWChannel (carrier band) depends on the band number and the parameter set. The parameter set defines the SCS (Sub Carrier Spacing) between subcarriers.Class A belongs to all fallback groups and allows the UE to return to the basic configuration without aggregating carriers. Class B: corresponds to the aggregation of 2 radio channels to obtain a total bandwidth between 20 and 100 MHz; Class C: corresponds to the aggregation of 2 radio channels to obtain a total bandwidth between 20 and 100 MHz. Class C: corresponds to the aggregation of 2 radio channels to obtain a total bandwidth between 100 and 200 MHz; Class D: corresponds to the aggregation of 2 radio channels to obtain a total bandwidth between 20 and 100 MHz. Class D: the total bandwidth obtained by aggregating 3 wireless channels is between 200 and 300 MHz; Class E: the total bandwidth obtained by aggregating 4 wireless channels is between 300 and 400 MHz. ---- Classes C, D and E belong to the same fallback group 1. Class G: corresponds to the aggregation of 3 wireless channels to obtain a total bandwidth between 100~150MHz. Class H: corresponds to the aggregation of 4 radio channels with a total bandwidth between 150 and 200 MHz. Class I: corresponds to 5 radio channels aggregated into a total bandwidth between 200 and 250 MHz. Class J: corresponding to 6 radio channels aggregated into a total bandwidth between 250~300MHz Class K: corresponds to 7 wireless channels aggregated into a total bandwidth between 300~350MHz. Class L: corresponds to 8 wireless channels aggregated into a total bandwidth between 350~400MHz. -----G~L class belongs to the same fallback group2     4、FR2 Carrier Aggregation Bandwidth Class A: Corresponds to the No Carrier Aggregation 5G (NR) configuration. The maximum BWChannel (carrier band) depends on the band number and the parameter set. The parameter set defines the SCS (Sub-Carrier Spacing) between subcarriers; ---- Class A belongs to all fallback groups and allows the UE to return to the basic configuration without aggregating carriers. Class B: corresponds to 2 wireless channels aggregated with a total bandwidth between 400 and 800 MHz Class C:Corresponds to 2 wireless channels aggregated with total bandwidth between 800~1200MHz. ---- Class B is the fallback group of Class C, both belong to the same fallback group 1. Class D: corresponds to 2 wireless channels with aggregated total bandwidth between 200~400MHz. Class E: corresponds to 3 wireless channels with aggregated total bandwidth between 400 and 600 MHz. Class F: corresponds to 4 wireless channels aggregated with a total bandwidth between 600 and 800 MHz. ----D, E and F classes belong to the same fallback group 2. Class G: corresponds to 2 wireless channels aggregated with total bandwidth between 100~200 MHz Class H: corresponds to 3 wireless channels aggregated with total bandwidth between 200~300 MHz Class I: corresponds to 4 wireless channels with aggregated total bandwidth between 300 and 400 MHz. Class J: corresponding to 5 wireless channels aggregated total bandwidth between 400~500MHz Class K: corresponding to 6 wireless channels aggregated with a total bandwidth of 500~600MHz Class L: corresponds to 7 wireless channels aggregated with total bandwidth between 600~700MHz Class M: corresponds to 8 wireless channels aggregated with a total bandwidth between 700 and 800 MHz. ----G, H, I, J, K, L and M classes belong to the same fallback group 3.

2024

09/05

What is the purpose of the Layer 3 protocol in 5G (NR)?
Ⅰ、Protocols are the rules and standards that define how data is connected, transmitted and managed over a network. In the field of communications protocols ensure that hardware and software operate harmoniously across different end-user devices (UEs) and infrastructures, and they control everything from the formation, transmission and reception of packets to the safe and efficient connection and communication of devices.   Ⅱ、Why protocols are needed this is because of the following reasons; Interoperability:Protocols standardize the communication between different systems and devices, ensuring that they can interact with information (signaling) without discrimination. System Efficiency:Optimized protocols make better use of network resources, reduce costs and improve quality of service. System Security: Protocols incorporate security measures to protect the integrity, confidentiality and authenticity of data. Scalability: Standardized protocols support the expansion of network functions without requiring major changes to the core network structure. Ⅲ、The protocol layering in the 5G (NR) network system its protocol structure for layered management, commonly used layer three architecture for the L1, L2 and L3 layers. This structure helps modular organization of network functions, simplifies the design, implementation and troubleshooting; the role of each layer is as follows:   3.1 L1 (Physical Layer) Purpose:The physical layer is responsible for transmitting and receiving raw bit streams over physical media, specifically converting digital bits into signals and vice versa. Physical layer 5G functions mainly include:​ ❶ Waveform Generation:The use of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) enables efficient and interference-resistant high-speed data transmission. ❷ Modulation and demodulation: Determine the signal formation method and modulation scheme (e.g. QPSK, QAM) according to the network conditions. ❸ Data error correction: techniques such as forward error correction are used to improve data integrity without retransmission.     3.2 L2 (Data Link Layer) Purpose:The data link layer ensures that data is transmitted reliably over the physical network, allows data to be organized into frames and detects/resolves errors that occur at the physical layer. 5G Data Link Sublayer: ❶ MAC (Media Access Control): Manages and maintains control of the radio channel and multiplexes data streams from various sources. ❷ RLC (Radio Link Control): Enhances reliability by segmenting and reorganizing packets, and manages error correction through ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request). ❸ PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol): compresses headers and provides encryption and integrity checking to ensure the security of user data.   3.3 L3 (Network Layer) Purpose: The network layer is responsible for transmitting packets from the source host to the destination host based on the address of the packet. It defines the path taken by the packet from the sender to the receiver. Key Functions in 5G: ❶ IP Routing and Transport: Manages packet forwarding, including addressing, routing, and flow control. ❷ Session Management: Manages the setup and maintenance of network connections. ❸ Mobility Management: Handles the operations required to move devices between sectors or networks while maintaining ongoing sessions.  

2024

09/04